Anvari Abivardi and Saadi Shirazi are prominent poets in the field of lyric poetry, both of them are famous for composing love lyric poems. However, given the 100-year gap between the two poets, it is important to examine their lyricism from a sociological perspective. Therefore, In the article based on Functional linguistics HALLIDAY which has given to language an important role in the representation of the real world and social phenomena, the semantic changes of the lyric form in Anvari and Saadi's poems have been analyzed and how the individual and social situational context is reflected In transitive language system in the structure of Anvari and Saadi's sonnets, the subject of research has been included. For this purpose, first the frequency of each of the current processes in the first 100 lyric poems of each of the two mentioned poets is extracted, then the type of function of each process in relation to the interpersonal role and textual scope of each is compared. The study show that Anvari's sonnets are often based on personal romantic experiences and lyric in every sense, while Saadi's sonnets have various individual, social, moral and educational meanings and concepts that are implicitly and implicitly metaphorically. Introduction Love is the main theme of the Persian Ghazal. Undoubtedly, Anvari can be considered as one of the prominent poets of the romantic Ghazal belonged to the 6th century. Dignifying of Ghazal form by Anvari and also his numerous Ghazals has made him different from the others poems, so that he has been named as the second most prominent Ghazal composer in the mentioned century, after Sanai. Making close the language of the Ghazal to the spoken language and its evolutionary effects on Saadi (Mahgub,1971: 582). also are the aspects of the Anvari’s importance ( Saboor, 2005: 341, Shamisa, 1983: 66). In spite of the Anvari’s influence on Saadi’s rhyme and rhythm, presentation of the romantic experiences (dashti, 2002: 133) in their poems are different, because there is a space of time about hundred years between their periods of lives and in this time the poetic meanings have been promoted and also, the social and cultural contexts have been changed. Actually Saadi’s Ghazal is an artistic description of love. It is not an experience or a personal emotion. Also, it is not an abstract and total matter. Saadi’s art gives inclusiveness and general emotion to his subjects. Because,the emotion and the love described in his works is an emotion which has been mingled to the humankind attributes.The beauty described in Saadi’s Ghazal is an ideal beauty which includes the humankind attributes (Ebadian, 1993:98). Considering the history of Ghazal in several centuries, the significant changes have occurred in both format and content of Ghazal which makes it necessary to research in this field. Research Method According to the HALLIDAY's functional grammar, language has various functions in society and social phenomena. The functional approach are supposed to explain the language nature and its relationship with the structures such as culture and society. ( Leech and Short, 1981: 76).HALLIDAY has mentioned three functions for the language: the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. The ideational function is classified into two functions: experiential and logical functions. In experiential function, the ability of representing the experiences in language is called transitivity system. Transitivity system is a feature of a sentence which is used for specifying the various processes in the sentence (these processes are presented in the verbs).Therefore, determining the processes and their frequencies by studying the verb kinds makes it is possible to aware of the experiences and the thoughts of a poem. In analyzing the text using experiential approach, the kind of the process which (is) being done is significant. A process is an event, action, emotion, speech or existence (and inexistence). The process contains three key elements chosen by the transitivity system from among the available options in the language system. The elements of the process are as follows: 1. the process itself 2. The participants 3. The circumstances related to the process The participants are the involved elements which determine time, place, method, causes and the circumstances of a process. The processes, the participants and the context of the events usually are represented in grammar in the form of the verbal, the nominal or the adverbial groups. HALLIDAY introduces three main processes called material, mental and relational process and also, three subsidiary processes called behavioral, verbal and existential processes. Discussion Comparing the use of the material process in Anvari’s Ghazals via Saadi’s one considering the extent and the method of the text shows that in Anvari’s Ghazal the text extent is enclosed to the romantic trades. Since the participants in the material process are usually the lover and the beloved, the mood of the verb is mostly the first person (related to the lover) or is the second or the third person singular (related to the beloved). But in Saadi’s Ghazals the text extent isn’t enclosed just to the romantic trades and he also presents his experiences and social trainings in the way that sometimes the interaction between lover and beloved is presented for training an ethical matter and not just for mentioning the romantic relationship. Also, about the material process and the interpersonal function of the language it could be mentioned that Saadi has mostly used the second person.Comparing the use of the mental process in Anvari’s Ghazal via Saadi’s one considering the textual metafunction of the language (the connection between the ideational metafunction and the context) shows that the emotions and the thoughts of Anvari is in the scope of the quiddity and the nature of love. Considering the interpersonal metafunction it could be said that Anvari has mostly used the first and the third person (lover and beloved). Therefore, the personal feelings of the lover/ the poem for the beloved and her actions and her ethical characteristics are mostly presented. The mental processes which address generally have been mostly used in Saadi’s Ghazals, because he is not satisfied with presenting just his personal feelings, he also uses the love for presenting his social critique. By comparing the verbal processes of these two poems, it reveals that the speakers in the Anvari’s Ghazals mostly presents their desires and their romantic dialogues, but in Saadi’s Ghazals the way of loving is also mentioned by the lover or the advisers.In Anvari’a Ghazal because of existing the thematic coherence and the vertical constant cohesion in the verses, the subjects mostly are the lover and the beloved which their behavioral reactions depend on love. But in Saadi’s Ghazals because of the subject extension, there is not a vertical constant cohesion in the verses. So, the subject can contain the other social subjects, besides lover and beloved Conclusion Sociological analysis of Anvari’s Ghazal and Saadi’s one considering the present processes shows that the processes usage are considerably different in these two poems’ works. The action extension of the material process in Anvari’s Ghazal is enclosed to the romantic trades done by two actives means lover and beloved. But the action extension of the material process in Saadi’s Ghazal is not enclosed just to the romantic events, he presents his experiences and social trainings in the way that sometimes the interaction between lover and beloved contains an ethical training.The mental processes in Anvari’s Ghazal contain the feelings and the thought of the poem in the scope of the quiddity and the nature of love. But in Saadi’s Ghazal, love is used for presenting political and social critique.Also, considering these poem’s usage of the verbal process shows that the speakers in the Anvari’s Ghazal mostly presents their desires and their romantic dialogues, but in Saadi’s Ghazals the way of loving is also trained to the lover by the advisers.In Saadi’s Ghazal, proportional to the behaviors variety, the behaviors contain the whole of the social relationships, but in Anvari’s Ghazal, the biological behaviors are more personal and limited. The existential process usage in Anvari’s Ghazal determines the existence or inexistence of what happens in the world of love, but Saadi thinks about what should exist as the necessity of loving.The relational process in Anvari’s Ghazal has been mostly used for describing the beauty of the beloved, the romantic statuses and the situation of the lover, but in Saadi’s Ghazal, a considerable amount of this process describes the way of loving which shows the didactic aspect of his works. References 1- Aghagolzadeh, Ferdows and colleagues,2011, Stylistics of Story Based on Verb: A Stylistic Approach, Journal of Spring Literature of Shiraz, Year 4, Number 1, pp. 254-243. 2- Amirkhanloo, masumeh. 2915, the stylistic of Hafez's Ghazal base on the verb, functional approach, Adab farsi magazine , 5 years, 2 number, autumn and winter. P.P 169- 186. 3- Anvari, Oohud al-Din Muhammad ibn Muhammad. 1985, Divan Anvari Correction and Introduction Saeed Nafisi, Third Edition, Pirouz Publishing. 4- Dashti, Ali ,2002, Sāḍī territory. Tehran: Amir Kabir. 5- Dehir Moghadam, Mohammad,2013, Classification of Iranian languages. Two volumes Tehran: Samt. 6- Ebadian, Mahmoud , 1993, The Development of Ghazal and Saadi's Role, Tehran: Hoosh and Abtecar. Journal of Lyrical Literature Researches, Vol. 20, No.39, 2022 |160 1 6 7- HALLIDAY, M. A. K & Hassan, Ruqaiya ,1989, Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective, Oxford University Press, Oxford. 8- HALLIDAY, M. A. K, 2004, An introduction to Functional Grammar, London, Edward Arnold. 9- Hassan Lee, Kavos, 2001, dictionary of Saadi Research. Shiraz: Publications of the Foundation of Farsi and Center of Sa'adi shenasi. 10- ishani, Tahereh and Narges Nazif, 2015, The Stylistic Analysis and Analysis of the Verb in Saadi's Sufi Syllabus with the Linguistic Approach of functional. Journal of Educational Literature, Volume: 7 Issue: 25, Pages: 85 – 108. 11- khoramshahi, Baha'uddin, 1992, Hafez-name, Tehran: Elmi and Farhangi. 12- Leech, Geoffrey N. and Short, Micheal. H. 1981, Style in fiction: a linguistic introduction to English fictional prose. 13- Mahjob, Mohammad Jafar, 1971, Khorasani style in Persian poetry. Tehran: Ferdows. 14- Mashhoor, Parvin Dukht and Mohammad Faghir. 2015, A Survey of Types of ideational Processes in Saadi's Ghazalite. Journal of Gonai Literature, Vol. 13, No. 25, pp 168-153. 15- Mohajer, Mehran and Mohammad Nabavi,2014, Toward linguistics of poetry, Tehran: Agah. 16- Motaghed, Ehsan,1971, What does Saadi say? Tehran: Press. 17- Rastegar Fesayi, Mansour,2004, Shiraz: Sa'adi cultural symbol. Journal of Sa'adishenasi. 18- Sa'adi, Mosleh al-Din, Sa'adi General. 2006, Correction of Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Tehran: Hermes. 19- Saboor, Dariush , 2005, Persian ghazal horizon ,Second print, Tehran: Zavar. 20- Shamisa, Sirus, 1983, The Song of Ghazal in Persian Poetry (from the beginning to the present day). Tehran: science. 21- Simpson, P, 2004, Stylistics: A Resource Book for Students (Routledge English Language Introductions). London: Routledge. Cite this article: Journal of Lyrical Li

Tarikh e Sistan is a text from the middle of the fifth century which has been written by Morsal in terms of writing style and by an unknown author. HALLIDAY considers the text to have trans-elemental elements, contextual context, and context, and to include empirical meanings, actors of discourse, and discourse, and to believe that the text should have a beginning, middle, end, or context. He has considered the language of the seven functions and maps: interactive, imaginative, instrumental, exploratory, supervisory, informational (declarative) and emotional. The main purpose of this study is to determine the ability of this theory to analyze the Tarikh e Sistan and to show the trans-role factors and functions of this text. Method: This descriptive-analytical study is a map-based reading of the history of Sistan based on HALLIDAY's theory. Findings show that the ritual-religious discourse of the author of Tarikh e Sistan, Mythical and surrealist actors of the text, And the method of discourse based on linking history and myth, which have been processed with the wonderful adaptations of Iranian and Semitic culture (Kiomars = Adam AS), which are based on the idea of social equality and populism, They create the situational context and unwritten parts of this text. Conclusion: This report text has a situational and contextual context and in its functions, imaginative and emotional function can be seen in expressing Sistan's wonders and its value, but the information maps (descriptions) and persuasive language have respectively. They are the most visible and the interactive function (conversations) has the least appearance compared to other functions and maps of language.

Introduction: This research analyzes and evaluates modalization based on HALLIDAY's systemic functional grammar (SFG) in the Azerbaijani Turkish language. In this SFG-based approach, mood and modality are examined within the mood structure which consists of two parts: (i) mood with elements of subject and finite and (ii) residue. In short, modality in this system refers to the space between two polarities, namely 'yes' and 'no'. In modalization, the commodity being exchanged is information and the utterance is considered as a proposition in which the speaker's attitude to the event is in the form of degrees of probability or possibility of occurrence or degrees of usuality,this means the possibility of recurrence. Despite the lack of attention to modality and its integration into the concept of mood in the Turkish grammar, the concept of modality in this system has been significantly distinguished from the category of mood. This research is an attempt to address the issues about (i) the presentation of modalization, (ii) the role of adjuncts in distinguishing between degrees of certainty and usuality and (iii) the presentation of past and present tense in mood finites in the Turkish language. Methods & Materials: First of all, to investigate modalization in the Azerbaijani Turkish language, the elements and constituents that make up mood structure and modalization in terms of possibility of occurrence, frequency, degrees, levels and elements involved in their formation were examined. In so doing, Azerbaijani Turkish clauses and their English and Persian equivalents were used. The theoretical framework of the current analysis was based on the mood structure in SFG) and the corpus was taken from the clauses in the literary and fictional sources in the Turkish language. The concept of modality has not been mentioned at all in the sources of the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar, and no study was found in the literature to address this issue based on SFG. Aijmer (2016), Nuyts (2001), Eggins (2004), and HALLIDAY and Matthiessen (2004) have widely examined modality based on SFG. Considering the integration of the concept of mood and modality in Turkish grammar, the aim of this research was to study the Azerbaijani Turkish language based on an approach that can make a clear distinction between these two categories. Discussion: The findings show that the mood structure in the Turkish language is also made up of two parts: mood and residue. The mood itself is composed of two components: the subject and the finite, and the residue includes the three functional elements of predicator, complement and adjunct. Results also show that predicators are an integral part of the mood structure and determine the presence, absence and number of complements in this constituent, while the presence of adjuncts in this structure is not mandatory and they can be removed from the clause. Concerning modalization, the study of the syntactic behavior of the elements and the morphemes involved in the clauses indicates that Azerbaijani Turkish expresses modality with "high" and "medium" degrees of certainty by means of the finite-mali. Also, unlike the English language that uses different finites, i. e., may and could, Azerbaijani Turkish uses the morpheme-abil which does not represent the semantic differences in its English equivalents. Examining the clauses of modalization in terms of probability and only with the presence of mood adjuncts showed that the ambiguity in Azerbaijani Turkish in terms of making a distinction in the degree of probability of occurrence is removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts. Furthermore, examining the modalization in terms of usuality with the presence of adjuncts of frequency in Azerbaijani Turkish showed that there is no ambiguity in the levels of usuality. A third state related to modalization in terms of probability with high and low degrees of certainty was also found. It was evident that the mood finites and the mood adjuncts were employed simultaneously. Despite the fact that the mood finites are the same in Azerbaijani Turkish, the ambiguity in the distinction between high and medium levels has been removed due to the presence of mood adjuncts,different mood adjuncts have raised the scale of certainty. Finally, the examination of modal verbs showed that in Azerbaijani Turkish-unlike English-the concept of tense does not appear in an integrated form with lexical verbs, but it emerges as a dependent morpheme. These morphemes are-di in the past tense and zero in the present tense. Surprisingly enough, in the current grammar sources of Azerbaijani Turkish, the morpheme-ir is mistakenly introduced as the morpheme of the present tense. Conclusion: Overall, it is concluded that modalization in terms of probability in the Azerbaijani Turkish language is represented in three levels and states: (i) only with the presence of mood finites, (ii) only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and (iii) with the simultaneous presence of mood finites and mood adjuncts. The only difference is that the distinction between high and medium levels and also the semantic distinction between could and may at the low level is not possible in Azerbaijani Turkish. Modalization in terms of usuality is manifested only with the presence of mood adjuncts, and no ambiguity in different levels is observed. Not only the presence of mood adjuncts in modalization removes the ambiguity in the distinction between levels, but also their presence along with the mood finites can raise the degree of certainty of modalization in terms of probability. The combination of the morphemes of modality and tense generates mood finites in Azerbaijani Turkish. The morpheme-di indicates the past tense and its absence indicates the present tense, i. e., zero morpheme. Although the morpheme-ir is often reported to indicate the present tense in the Azerbaijani Turkish grammar sources, the SFG-based approach to Azerbaijani Turkish shows the process of the occurrence of verbs.

There is a mutual relationship between language and social phenomena which highlights the need to comprehend the different language functions. Understanding these functions is the task of language sociologists. Michael HALLIDAY, (1973 AD) one of the theorists in the area, divides the communicational functions of language into 7 classes: instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, and informative. He believes that this pattern can be traced in all types of language functions. Since the typewritten manuscripts have a key role in expressing cultural details in which drivers act the role, the present study aims atinvestigating the language system governing Arabic and Persian car written manuscripts based on HALLIDAY's7 functions of language in order to discover similarities and differencesbetween their language systems. The results indicate that the typewritten manuscripts in these two languages reflect a significant part of Arabic speaking and Persian speaking societies’ common values, and their literature follows a specific language pattern, therefore, statistical population of drivers’ literature content analysis will offer considerable help regardinganthropology and ethnography of each society. Statistical studies show that, in Arabic and Persian typewritten manuscripts, the most frequency is related to personal function and the least frequency is related to heuristic function. Accordingly, the considerable frequency of personal function indicates that Arabic speaking and Persian speaking societies are influenced by social condition in contemporary era.

The coherence model of Michael HALLIDAY and Roqayeh Hasan is one of the scientific, efficient, and reliable methods to identify the level of textuality, coherence, and integrity of any text. Coherence is pointed out as the examination of relationships in syntactic structures and components of a text. Therefore, with the descriptive-analytical method, the current research is to investigate the issue of textual cohesion-related elements and semantic relations between clauses based on HALLIDAY and Hasan's approach in the logic of Manteq Al-Tayr by Attar. He examined 3000 clauses in Manteq Al-Tayr from among different clauses. The results of the research indicate that in grammatical coherence, deletion has the highest frequency and replacement has the lowest frequency in Manteq Al-Tayr. The frequency of deletion is one of Attar's rhetorical features; it prevents the monotony of the text and the effort of the mind to find the deleted element and to strengthen the music. In the lexical cohesion, recurrence and repetition have the highest frequency and semantic inclusion has the lowest frequency in this system. Attar has been trying to emphasize and highlight the secondary purposes of his words by using repetition. In terms of lexical coherence, collocation has the highest frequency in Manteq Al-Tayr. In conjunctive coherence, augmentative conjunctions have a higher frequency than other components of conjunctive coherence, which, in addition to acting as the connection link between clauses, has united different discourses in the text. Therefore, all three grammatical, lexical, and linking coherences play a significant role in creating context, coherence, and integration in the Manteq Al-Tayr. Introduction: HALLIDAY's systematic role-oriented linguistics is an efficient method to explain the semantic relations used in a text; Every text is made up of different clauses and sentences, each of which contains certain meanings and relationships that play a significant role in creating a coherent whole. According to the order of the systematic role-oriented, HALLIDAY considers 3 intellectual, interpersonal and textual trans-roles for language: the intellectual trans-role refers to the representation of the poet's or writer's experiences from the inner and outer world. In the interpersonal role, it is possible to obtain the attitude of the poet or writer and his particular worldviews in a text and show the degree of determination of the poet in expressing a proposition by means of grammar elements. In the textual role, existing chains and sequences are influential in the formation of discourse, and as the speech proceeds, this role organizes the flow of speech by creating and connecting. Transtextual role is divided into two parts "structural" and "non-structural"; The structural part includes the basic construction and knowledge of old and new clauses, and the non-structural part includes textual coherence elements. In addition to its mystical and didactic themes, Manteq al-Tayr is important in terms of form, structure, and stylistic characteristics. Therefore, in the present research, we are trying to investigate textual coherence factors inManteq al-Tayr using HALLIDAY and Hasan's model. Materials and Methods: In the current research, we are trying to analyze textual coherence elements based on HALLIDAY and Hasan's approach in the Manteq-al Tayr Attar with a descriptive-analytical method and in a library style. Results and Discussion: Cohesion is one of the important categories in the transtextual role that Michael HALLIDAY and Roqayeh Hasan put forward in the book. Cohesion in the English language, by means of which it is possible to combine and arrange textual elements and coherence addresses the whole text. HALLIDAY divides cohesion into three categories: grammatical, lexical, and conjunctive habits, each of which plays an important role in creating textual cohesion and coherence. Grammatical coherence is formed from the logical connection between the tools and coherence chains used in the text. Grammatical coherence is divided into three parts comprising; reference, substitution, and ellipsis. Lexical cohesion includes repetition, synonymy, semantic contrast and semantic inclusion. Conjunctions play a significant role in the coherence of a text and are the factors of connecting different clauses, sentences, and phrases to each other. They are influential in the formation of logical connections in the text. Conjunctions are divided into four categories: additive, adversative, causative and temporal. Conclusion: By applying Michael HALLIDAY's and Roqayeh Hasan's coherence theory to Manteq Al-Tayr, the following results were obtained: - All three grammatical, lexical, and conjunctive coherences have the ability to adapt to the Manteq Al-Tayr, by means of which it is possible to interpret the constructions of linguistic elements, determine the level of textuality, and find about the coherence of this system. - In grammatical coherence, the three components of reference, ellipsis and substitution have led to the creation of semantic relations, continuity and interaction of the text with the audience. In grammatical coherence, deletion with 57% has the highest frequency and substitution has the lowest frequency with 13% in Manteq Al-Tayr. In the author of substitution, Attar has tried to modernize by substituting different words and take advantage of different linguistic possibilities and semantic expansion to convey different concepts to the audience. Attar has used this component more in praise of the Prophet of Islam and the rightful caliphs. Each of these praises has helped a lot to identify the existential dimensions of religious and mystical teachings and theological thoughts in the text. Among the rhetorical tools of this element, emphasis, commemoration, bowing, and highlighting can be mentioned. In-text reference is one of the effective factors in creating coherence in this work. Among the three types of intratextual reference, personal reference which is made by connected and disconnected personal pronouns in verbal chains, has a high frequency compared to indicative and comparative cohesion. Elimination is one of the aesthetic tools that has a significant effect on creating coherence in the Manteq al-Tayr. One of the characteristics of deletion in Manteq Al-Tayris "quickness" that the audience can reach the deleted element with a little precision. -In lexical coherence-retrieval, repetition has the highest frequency with 67% and semantic inclusion has the lowest frequency with 3%. Repetition of word types is one of Attar's style characteristics in this poem. Repetition is not only a hindrance to eloquence, but it is considered as one of the aesthetic tools in this work. The abundant use of repetition has provided the ground for various interpretations in the poem. Attar's ultimate goal of repetition and its rhetorical purposes is to emphasize and highlight educational and moral concepts, because saying it once does not have much effect on the audience, but by repeating the same concept in different ways, it causes them to remember and remember what they have learned. It shows the word more effectively than before. In lexical coherence -recurrence, repetition, contrast, relationship between part and whole, synonymy and semantic inclusion have the highest and lowest frequency respectively in this work. In relational coherence, conjunctions play a significant role in the textual coherence of Manteq al-Tayr. These habits sometimes connect the elements in the sentence and sometimes connect the clauses. The frequency of increasing conjunctions in this work has led to marking, making new information about the clauses and highlighting the language in this work. Incremental conjunctions have the highest frequency with 62% and temporal conjunctions have the lowest frequency with 7% in Manteq Al-Tayr. Among the augmentative conjunctions, the conjunction "and" has had the greatest effect on the degree of coherence of the clauses and has caused the creation of different discourses and the connection of the clauses to each other.

All texts are made up of single words, words and sentences that are put together for a specific purpose to convey a specific meaning or concept. A text is a longer unit than a sentence and becomes a discourse when it is coherent. In coherence theory, text analysis is at the core of all readings. In fact, the author reflects his real and meta-real world with the help of language and maintaining the relationship between the elements that make up the text, adding to the semantic depth, effectiveness and allure of the text as well as its appeal to the audience. The present study analyzed the elements of the text coherence in Ibn Hussām Khosfi's Khāvarān Nāma, using HALLIDAY and Hassan’s text coherence theory (1976 AD), in the two categories of "grammatical and lexical". One finding of this research is that lexical and semantic elements, especially the element of repetition, are the first and foremost factor of coherence and cohesion of the text. Considering that the Khāvarān Nāma is an epic-narrative text from the omniscient point of view, the text has a central axis and the reference of pronouns in the sentences, as another important factor in text coherence, is both limited and specific. What creates this unity and coherence is the poet’s profound thought, which flows in the longitudinal axis of the poems.

Ash whitefly , Siphoninus phillyreae , is one of the important pests of fruits and shade trees in the Fars province. The adult appears much like a typical whitefly with a light dusting of white wax on wings and the whole body. Lateral areas of the pupal case are light beige and are covered with two longitudinal tufts of white wax. The dorsal surface has 40-50 long glassy tubercles. The vasiform oriffice is surrounded by dark brown derm, with the anal area appearing as a dark brown spot. Over seventeen plant species (including acer, ash, elm, apple, quince, pear, sweet lime, sure lime, orange, tangerine, peach, nectarine, apricot, hawthorn, plum, almond and pomegranate) were identified in Fars provinc as its host plants that ash was the most important. Adult and nymphs of the pest feed on sap from late May to late November and cause direct economic damages to host plants. The population of the pest on ash trees in Shiraz reach to its peak in late July. One of the most active parasitoids is Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hym. Aphelinidae). Body length in adult is 0.6-0.7 mm, female abdomen is yellow, but it is black in male. Parasitism started from, late July and continued till late November. The parasitoid prefers third and fourth instars of ash whitefly and its highest parasitism about 85.9%, was observed on pear trees in Shiraz (Badjgah). Sex ratio of the parasitoid wasp was 1:1.44 on ash trees in natural conditions.

Sonnet is a poetic form with a brilliant record in the history of Persian poetry and is still favored by those interested in poetry. A contemporary lyricist whose poetry has been shining in recent years is Fazel Nazari. He is known as the "current" poet of the last decade. The theory of coherence proposed by HALLIDAY and Roghayeh Hassan examines literary texts in the domains of grammatical, lexical and logical coherence (semantic or conjunctive). The present study focuses on a well-known sonnet of Fazel Nazari based on the criteria of HALLIDAY and Hassan’s theory in both vertical and horizontal domains. The results show that Fazel Nazari’s sonnet has a high capacity in terms of the elements of grammatical and lexical coherence, and all the words in its verses are chained together. In terms of logical coherence, all the verses pay attention to the techniques of coherence according to Holliday and Hassan theory. Also, most of the verses represent more than one of the coherence criteria. According to HALLIDAY and Hassan's theory in connection with the sonnet in question, one of the reasons for paying attention to Fazel Nazari's poetry in the last decade can be the prominence of the elements of this theory in his poetry.

The mechanism of internal language such as creation and communication in any sentence or between sentences is defined as Cohesion. In other words, cohesion refers to the structural/lexical relations in the text. The present study discusses about cohesion and coherence in a quantitative manner based on the Michael Holiday's Model and the Supplement Theory of Ruqaiya Hassan as coordination of cohesion in the holy Surah “ Al-Muzzammil. ” The study indicates that all three levels of cohesion factors exist in this Surah: “ Lexical cohesion” including reiteration types (verbal, synonym, composition structure and phonetic) and collection types (ordered series and antonym); “ Grammatical cohesion” containing reference types, substitution and ellipsis; “ Connective cohesion” that is linked the words. This paper shows an organic and corporatism link among the components of Surah which is a way of understanding the miracle of Quran.

Coherence and integration make a text attractive and beautiful. The present research has evaluated Surah Qalam based on the coherence theory of "Michael HALLIDAY and Ruqieh Hasan's complementary theory" with a descriptive-analytical method and has presented the number of coherence components. The results of the research show that there are 375 cohesion factors in Surah Qalam, such as lexical, grammatical, and conjunction. Among the factors of cohesion, "lexical cohesion" is used in 179 cases, of which 142 cases are related to repetition and 37 cases to conjunction, and there are 140 cases of "grammatical cohesion" in this surah, of which 136 cases are related to Referrals and 4 items are reserved for deletion. There are 56 connectives in this surah, 15 of which are related to additional connection, 13 to causal connection, 14 to temporal connection, and 14 to unexpected connection. Among this category of coherence, repetition and reference respectively have the highest percentage of coherence. Other cases of cohesion, in the order of the amount used in this surah, are the observance of an example, additional connection, temporal connection and comparison, causal connection, grammatical conjunction, contrast, and omission.